Word of Song Saying We May Never Pass This Way Again
| E | |
|---|---|
| E eastward | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | 5 |
| History | |
| Evolution |
|
| Time period | c. 700 BC to nowadays |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Come across below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters ordinarily used with | ee |
E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is due east (pronounced ); plural ees,[1] Es or Eastward's.[2] It is the virtually ordinarily used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish. [3] [4] [5] [half dozen] [7]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan E | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic Due east |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin letter 'E' differs petty from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic alphabetic character hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human effigy (hillul 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a like Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a dissimilar pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /eastward/ in strange words); in Greek, hê became the alphabetic character epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Former Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper noun of the alphabetic character ⟨e⟩ in European languages
English language
Although Heart English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and brusque /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, more often than not at the end of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [east], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such every bit a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to signal contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to point either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨european union⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in High german.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨east⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid forepart unrounded vowel.
Most common alphabetic character
'E' is the most mutual (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language language alphabet (starting off the typographer'due south phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Aureate-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter of the alphabet in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular alphabetic character to utilize when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at to the lowest degree office of Wright's narrative bug were acquired by language limitations imposed by the lack of Eastward."[8] Both Georges Perec'south novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'eastward' and are considered improve works.[9]
- E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
- ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[xi]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter of the alphabet in German language and other languages to point a fronted or forepart vowel (this sign originated equally a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet simply uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in another writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid forepart unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex claw[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open up e, which represents an open-mid key unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin modest letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open up-mid central vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open due east with retroflex hook[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter pocket-size reversed epsilon / open eastward[10]
- ɞ : Latin small letter of the alphabet closed reversed open east, which represents an open-mid cardinal rounded vowel in IPA (shown every bit ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned eastward, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin alphabetic character reversed eastward, which represents a close-mid fundamental unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open up e:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL E
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL Letter TURNED OPEN E
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER LETTER Uppercase E
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER LETTER Small-scale E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Small Open up E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Pocket-size TURNED Open up Due east
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER Pocket-size CAPITAL TURNED East [13]
- e : Subscript small-scale eastward is used in Indo-European studies[14]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:[15]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character BLACKLETTER E
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN Minor Alphabetic character BARRED East
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Small LETTER E WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter E
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic Due east, which is the antecedent of modernistic Latin Eastward
- ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is mayhap a descendant of Onetime Italic E
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for auction within the European union).
- east : the symbol for the unproblematic charge (the electric charge carried past a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for fix membership in set up theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Code points
| Preview | E | e | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN Upper-case letter Due east | LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-8 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family unit | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII one | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- one Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Linguistic communication (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of alphabetize on the left hand, with all fingers of left paw open up.
Apply every bit a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering organisation, E is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base of operations ten) counting.
References
- ^ "Due east" a alphabetic character Merriam-Webster'due south Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E's, Es, eastward'due south, or es.
- ^ "E". Oxford Dictionary of English language (3rd ed.). Oxford Academy Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
substantive (plural Es or E'due south)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Alphabetic character frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English language Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in German language". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Trip the light fantastic toe: Recreational Give-and-take Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
- ^ Eckler (1996): iii. Perec's novel "was and so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a alphabetic character constraint."
- ^ a b c d Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode 6 Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-x-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/xi-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E
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